Biological Mechanism of Action: Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM)
Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that uses near-infrared light to stimulate cellular and vascular function in the brain. Research suggests that tPBM can support attention, executive functioning, mood, and overall cognitive resilience.
tPBM is believed to exert its effects by activating mitochondrial metabolism, enhancing cerebral blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting neuroplasticity. These biological pathways make tPBM a promising intervention in both clinical and high-performance contexts.
Cellular Energy and Mitochondrial Activation
Near-infrared light (typically around 810 nm) penetrates the skull and is absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria. This triggers an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, the cellular energy currency.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation
tPBM promotes vasodilation, which increases regional cerebral blood flow and improves oxygen and nutrient delivery to neurons. This can enhance cognitive performance and accelerate recovery from fatigue.
Reduction of Sympathetic Dominance and Emotional Regulation
tPBM may help reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress—two key contributors to cognitive decline. Studies have found that it modulates inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, supporting brain health.
Brain-Heart Axis and Neuroplasticity
Numerous studies have linked tPBM to improvements in attention, working memory, mood, and processing speed. These benefits are thought to be related to its impact on synaptic plasticity and neuronal function.
Conclusion
tPBM acts through multiple mechanisms: enhancing cellular energy production, increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting neuroplasticity. These combined effects can help optimize brain performance and support cognitive longevity.